sailboat mast restoration

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• Navigating the High Seas: A Comprehensive Guide to Sailboat Masts

Sailboat masts are the unsung heroes of the sailing world, silently supporting the sails and ensuring a smooth journey across the open waters. Whether you're a seasoned sailor or a novice, understanding the intricacies of sailboat masts is essential for a safe and enjoyable voyage. In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into the world of sailboat masts, discussing their types, maintenance, and everything in between. 

Types of Sailboat Masts

Sailboat masts come in various configurations, each with its advantages and drawbacks. The two primary types are keel-stepped and deck-stepped masts.

Keel-Stepped Masts

Keel-stepped masts are the most common type, extending through the deck and resting on the boat's keel. They provide excellent stability and are suitable for larger sailboats. However, they require careful maintenance to prevent water intrusion into the boat's cabin.

Deck-Stepped Masts

Deck-stepped masts rest on the deck of the boat, making them easier to install and remove. They are commonly found on smaller sailboats and are more forgiving in terms of maintenance. However, they may offer slightly less stability than keel-stepped masts.

Components of a Sailboat Mast

To understand mast maintenance better, it's essential to know the various components of a sailboat mast. The key parts include the masthead, spreaders, shrouds, and halyard sheaves.

The masthead is the topmost section of the mast, where the halyards are attached to raise and lower the sails. It also often houses instruments such as wind indicators and lights.

Spreaders and Shrouds

Spreaders are horizontal supports attached to the mast to help maintain the proper angle of the shrouds (cables or rods that provide lateral support to the mast). Properly adjusted spreaders and shrouds are crucial for mast stability and sail performance.

Mast Materials: Choosing the Right One

Sailboat masts are typically constructed from three primary materials: aluminum, wood, and carbon fiber. Each material has its unique characteristics and is suited to different sailing preferences.

Aluminum Masts

Aluminum masts are lightweight, durable, and relatively easy to maintain. They are commonly used in modern sailboats due to their cost-effectiveness and longevity.

Wooden Masts

Wooden masts, while classic and beautiful, require more maintenance than other materials. They are best suited for traditional or vintage sailboats, where aesthetics outweigh convenience.

Carbon Fiber Masts

Carbon fiber masts are the pinnacle of mast technology. They are incredibly lightweight and strong, enhancing a sailboat's performance. However, they come at a premium price.

Mast Maintenance

Proper mast maintenance is essential for safety and longevity. Regular cleaning, inspection, and addressing minor issues promptly can prevent costly repairs down the line.

Cleaning and Inspection

Regularly clean your mast to remove salt, dirt, and grime. Inspect it for signs of corrosion, wear, or damage, paying close attention to the masthead, spreaders, and shrouds.

Common Repairs and Their Costs

Common mast repairs include fixing corroded areas, replacing damaged spreaders, or repairing shrouds. The cost of repairs can vary widely, depending on the extent of the damage and the materials used.

Extending the Lifespan of Your Mast

Taking steps to prevent damage is essential. Avoid over-tightening halyards, protect your mast from UV radiation, and keep an eye on corrosion-prone areas.

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Stepping and Unstepping a Mast

Stepping and unstepping a mast is a crucial skill for any sailboat owner. This process involves removing or installing the mast on your boat. Here's a step-by-step guide for safe mast handling.

Step-by-Step Guide for Safe Mast Handling

• Gather the necessary tools and equipment.
• Disconnect all electrical and rigging connections.
• Use a crane or mast-stepping system to safely lower or raise the mast.
• Secure the mast in its proper place.
• Reconnect all electrical and rigging connections.

When and Why to Unstep a Mast

You may need to unstep your mast for various reasons, such as transporting your sailboat or performing extensive maintenance. It's crucial to follow the manufacturer's recommendations and ensure a safe unstepping process.

Sailboat Mast Boot: Protecting Your Mast

A mast boot is a simple yet effective way to protect your mast from water intrusion and damage caused by the elements. Here's what you need to know.

The Purpose of a Mast Boot

A mast boot is a flexible material that wraps around the mast at the deck level. It prevents water from entering the cabin through the mast opening, keeping your boat dry and comfortable.

Installing and Maintaining a Mast Boot

Installing a mast boot is a straightforward DIY task. Regularly inspect and replace it if you notice any signs of wear or damage.

Replacing a Sailboat Mast

Despite your best efforts in maintenance, there may come a time when you need to replace your sailboat mast. Here's what you should consider.

Signs That Your Mast Needs Replacement

Common signs include severe corrosion, structural damage, or fatigue cracks. If your mast is beyond repair, it's essential to invest in a replacement promptly.

The Cost of Mast Replacement

The cost of mast replacement can vary significantly depending on the type of mast, materials, and additional rigging needed. It's advisable to obtain multiple quotes from reputable marine professionals.

Yacht Masts: Sailing in Style

For those looking to take their sailing experience to the next level, upgrading to a yacht mast can be a game-changer.

Differences Between Sailboat and Yacht Masts

Yacht masts are typically taller and offer enhanced sail performance. They are often equipped with advanced rigging systems and technology for a more luxurious sailing experience.

Upgrading to a Yacht Mast

Consult with a marine professional to determine if upgrading to a yacht mast is feasible for your sailboat. It can be a significant investment but can transform your sailing adventures.

Sailboat Mast Steps: Climbing to the Top

Mast steps are handy additions to your mast, allowing easier access to perform maintenance or enjoy panoramic views. Here's how to use them safely.

Using Mast Steps Safely

Always use proper safety equipment when climbing mast steps. Make sure they are securely attached to the mast and regularly inspect them for wear or damage.

The Advantages of Mast Steps

Mast steps provide convenience and accessibility, making sailboat maintenance tasks more manageable. They also offer an elevated vantage point for breathtaking views while at anchor.

Mast Maintenance Tips for Beginners

If you're new to sailboat ownership, these mast maintenance tips will help you get started on the right foot.

Essential Care for First-Time Sailboat Owners

• Establish a regular maintenance schedule.
• Seek advice from experienced sailors.
• Invest in quality cleaning and maintenance products.

Preventing Common Mistakes

Avoid common pitfalls, such as neglecting inspections or using harsh cleaning agents that can damage your mast's finish.

Sailing with a Mast in Top Condition

A well-maintained mast contributes to a safer and more enjoyable sailing experience. It enhances your boat's performance and ensures you can rely on it in various weather conditions.

How a Well-Maintained Mast Improves Performance

A properly maintained mast helps maintain sail shape, reducing drag and improving speed. It also ensures that your rigging remains strong and secure.

Safety Considerations

Never compromise on safety. Regularly inspect your mast, rigging, and all associated components to prevent accidents while at sea.

Sailboat masts are the backbone of any sailing adventure, and understanding their intricacies is crucial for a successful voyage. From choosing the right mast material to proper maintenance and upgrading options, this guide has covered it all. By following these guidelines, you can sail the high seas with confidence, knowing that your mast is in top condition.

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My mast raising solutions

• Thread starter Revv up
• Start date Sep 2, 2019
• Forums for All Owners
• Trailer Sailors

Would help if you provide a sketch of your proposed system.  

Will Gilmore

Will Gilmore said: So far, it all looks very intriguing. It's like you're trying this out for the first time, live, right here on SBO. No script, no rehearsals, anything could happen. The suspense is killing us. -Will (Dragonfly) Click to expand

Sailavie1 said: She is a thing of beauty! Well done. I’m envisioning the pole to work as my Hunter 25 as shown below? Click to expand

Timm R Oday25

I built something very similar 12 years ago . We can used ours to raise almost any mast . Our line runs the same path as the photo with one small exception. It ends at the halyard winch on the mast . We can cleat it off and stop anytime going up or down . We have done this with the boat in the water as well.  

Revv up said: I got the mast raised using the new setup minus the baby stays.... there next. I put the device to hold the baby stays to the mast at 6’6” (that’s the top of my reach) now I’m wondering if that will be high enough? View attachment 169350 View attachment 169351 View attachment 169352 Click to expand

DrJudyB said: I suggest you also put stays on the end of the gin pole, to control rolling on the axis of the mast if the mast pivots laterally off centerline. When that happens, there is a sideways force that try’s to buckle the gin pole and it might break. I Click to expand

Revv up said: Help me sort out some confusion... are you saying add stays from the gin back to the lower baby stay mounts or somewhere near them? Click to expand

The socket clamped on the mast for the gin pole might be a problem due to snagging jib sheets..... You might want to make it removable. A through bolt from side to side might work. Ccut a vertical slot in the cuff, open on the bottom edges and going halfway on port and starboard. You can slide the cuff down on the bolt and then tighten it to keep the socket in position. Also, have you considered how you could simplify how you attach the baby stays to the mast?. You could attach a strong eyestrap to the front of the mast. Then use carabiners to clip the wires to the mast . Much faster. Have you considered moving the gin pole up to the same point as the baby shrouds.... you could weld up a fitting that mounts with one pin or bolt, and to Which the gin pole and the side baby stays attach.... Judy B  

Judy thanks for the detailed posts 1) The mast bracket on my gin pole is easily removable with 2 hose clamps, my intent was to remove before sailing. I will probably change those hose clamps out for 1 ratchet strap to make it easier to attach/ detach. 2) After all that work making my little slider doohickey yours sounds like a way easier solution 3) I took advice from someone who told me to attach my gin pole as low as possible but I never understood his theory, it would be just as easy to move it up to the upper baby stay mount which would make attaching the forestay much easier. I got to say I’m more than a tad jealous of your Farrier trimaran, I was fortunate enough to get an evening sailing one and have wanted one since, my banker strongly advised me to forget that night  

Project_Mayhem

When the gin pole is farther up the forces exerted are very awkward. The mast will bend a bit before it starts raising. It's kind of counter intuitive. Regardless it does work and I have done it. I learned first hand why stays should be attached to the gin pole. When prepping my boat for winter I took the mast down. The PO was nice enough to give me a hand. Since we used the boom as the gin pole we stepped it forward. I stood on the fore deck while he worked the lines to lower it (two main sheets in series). All went well until the last few feet. Knowing the extreme forces on the mast step screws I thought it'd be best to support it. As soon as I started holding the mast the boom went off to the side, lines flew everywhere and I nearly fell onto the pavement below. Thankfully there were no injuries or damage.  

@Project_Mayhem I’m glad you weren’t injured! Your story illustrates why Rule #1 for mast raising is : NEVER stand underneath a mast as its being raised or lowered., you could be seriously injured or killed if something goes wrong. If your system required you to stand under the mast, it’s time for a new system. I chastise Anton when he occasionally does it without thinking. Judy B  

Serenity on Hudson

I made a set of baby stays using cable. At the base I have two attachment points with a ring that allows the upper line to slide to line up with the mast base. I attach the upper baby stays to a halyard to tension. At the halyard I tie the stays to the mast. This allows no wiggle room for the mast as the stays are already tensioned. The gin pole is a 2X4 carved out to fit around the mast secured by a strap. When I first set this up, I did not have the baby stays secured to the mast tensioned and the mast began a wild sway that almost ripped the foot off the boat. Got it on the crutch, analyzed why it was swaying and came up with the tensioning to avoid lateral mast movement. Got it up OK and will soon see how well it works in the other direction. I use the main sheet to to pull the gin pole with the topping lift on the other end.  

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Wooden Wayfarer sailboat mast restoration

This 23-foot long hollow Sitka Spruce mast belongs to a 1963 Wayfarer sailboat built in the U.K.  It had been glued together in two halves, likely with Aerolite 306, a urea-formaldehyde adhesive developed for building wooden aircraft during WWII.  Over the 55 years since it was built, the adhesive began to deteriorate in the luff groove, where it wasn't protected by varnish.   Eventually, when the mast was wet, the glue joint and the luff groove would open up to the point where the luff rope would fall out.   

At some point in the mast's life, the original Tufnol and bronze halyard sheaves had been removed and the mortices for them had been enlarged to take modern sheave inserts. Luckily, the original sheaves and axles had been kept. When the mast came in for repair, the owner asked for the sheaves to be put back as original.

Here's how it was repaired:

1. The mast was measured and a scale drawing produced.  The scale drawing was used to lay out a set of supports for a  jig that would be built to hold the mast in alignment during re-gluing.

2. Steam was directed at the glue joint using a 10-gallon steam boiler on a propane burner. 

3. The glue slowly softened and released the two halves of the mast from each other. The released joint faces were as smooth and clean as the day they had been glued up.  The builders' pencilled reference lines looked like they had just been drawn.  No glue residue or squeeze-out was visible.

4. Damaged areas and previous repairs were made good.  The mortices for the halyard sheaves were repaired to take their original sheaves.

5. The mating faces of the two halves were lightly skimmed with a sharp jointer plane to clean off any glue residue and ensure a good fit of the mating surfaces.

6. The gluing jig was set up using a laser level shot through multiple reference points.  The extra width of the gluing supports provides a work surface to support the mast during gluing.

7. The mast halves were masked to save cleanup time.  The mating surfaces were wet out with WEST 105 resin and slow hardener, then brushed with a thin coat of 105 resin thickened with microfibers.

8. The two halves were clamped together with zip ties and then slid into the jig to cure overnight. Light clamping pressure was applied with c-clamps.

9. New axles to replace the worn out sheave axles were turned from a silicon bronze bolt on a drill press.

10. After gluing, the mast was lightly planed and sanded and a sealer coat of spar varnish applied.  Messenger lines for future halyards were fed through the mast with a vacuum cleaner prior to installing the original sheaves.

11. With the cleats re-installed, the mast is ready to be picked up by the owner who will complete the varnishing and re-rigging.  Ready for another 55 years.

12.  All complete!  Here is the Wayfarer with the repaired mast sailing in Parry Sound

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how to's "building a wooden sailboat mast"

Discussion in ' Wooden Boat Building and Restoration ' started by fishweed , Nov 16, 2006 .

fishweed Junior Member

The lenght of the mast is appox 30 feet, it will go on a motorsailer, first, what type of wood, and are there any sites where I can look at some construction ideas? Mark  

Crag Cay Senior Member

Have a search on here and google for 'bird's mouth' mast construction. There are loads of sites that will tell you all the basics and people on here will be more than happy to fill in the details.  

timgoz Senior Member

The ultimate wood for masts and spars is Sitka Spruce. Check A.L. Condon. Good stuff is getting harder and harder to acquire. Like Crag Cay said, Google "wooden masts" & there should be alot of information. If you familerize yourself with the basics & differing construction techniques, you can direct more specific questions to the forum members. It will also give you better judgement when dealing with the info supplied by forum responses. A couple of good books on wooded boat contruction would be useful if they have sections on mast constrution. Take care. TGoz  

PAR Yacht Designer/Builder

There are a number of ways to skin a cat or stick as it may be. Sitka spruce is a well loved spar building material, prized for it's light weight and compression strength. Many masts have been constructed from this evergreen. It's particularly well suited to solid masts, but in my opinion, isn't the best material for larger masts or for use on cruisers. Because of it's status as pole building lumber, I've offended a bunch of traditionalists, but that's not such a new thing either. In racing boats, beachable and light weight craft, this wood makes at lot of sense. In heavier, larger, off shore vessels, it isn't my first choice in hollow mast material. A step by step guide will generally have to be purchased, but a good overview can be had from a number of previous threads on this forum. Use the search tool and some key words will be birdsmouth (as mentioned) spars, masts, etc.  

PAR, What would be your first choice(s) of wood for hollow mast construction? TGoz  

Eric Sponberg Senior Member

If you look at the structural properties of various woods (high strength and stiffness for light weight, known as specific strength and specific stiffness), three woods rise to the top--Port Orford Cedar, Douglas Fir, and Sitka Spruce. Sitka spruce is the generally favored one because of its light weight and plentiful supply. Port Orford Cedar is rare and hard to come by. Douglas Fir is quite acceptable. All these woods accept modern glues like epoxy quite readily. "Skene's Elements of Yacht Design" by Francis Kinney offers a whole chapter on the engineering of spars, particularly in wood. I am sure if you looked back through Woodenboat magazine you would find all manner of articles on spar design and construction. There may be other books on the subject which you can scan through at www.bluewaterweb.com . Eric  

A generic answer would be Douglas fur for a serious cruiser stick. A racer/cruiser should think about aluminum or other materials. If the yacht forces the use of wood and performance is desired, then Sitka.  

BOATMIK Deeply flawed human being

Eric W. Sponberg said: ↑ "Skene's Elements of Yacht Design" by Francis Kinney offers a whole chapter on the engineering of spars, particularly in wood. I am sure if you looked back through Woodenboat magazine you would find all manner of articles on spar design and construction. There may be other books on the subject which you can scan through at www.bluewaterweb.com . Eric Click to expand...

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fhrussell Boatbuilder

Here are some links to basic info.... it may be helpful....? http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1400819 http://users2.ev1.net/~fshagan/mastm.htm ....and one of my favorites.... http://www.starclassics.org/Sliding_Gunter/Making-Of/making-of.html  

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• Places - Moscow Area

VLADIMIR, SUZDAL AND THE GOLDEN RING

Golden ring.

Golden Ring is the modern name given to a series of magnificent villages and towns that are situated in a circle northeast of Moscow. Founded before Moscow in the 7th century to 12th century, these places form the heartland of Russia and are known for the churches (some with golden domes), monasteries, wooden kremlin (city forts), museums and brightly-painted, northern-style wooden houses with carved doorways and windows. Many of the towns are situated on the Volga and its tributaries.

The picturesque old towns are dominated by multi-spired onion domed churches. Some of the bulbous, tear drop domes are gold. Others are made of wood. While others still are navy blue with gold stars. Within their walls are masterpieces of icon painting and treasures, with a few arrangements dating back to the 12th and 13th centuries.

These architectural masterpieces bear witness to the creative genius of Old Russia craftsmen and provide a link between the Byzantine architecture that characterized early Kiev and the -Orthodox style represented by St Basil's cathedral and the building in the Kremlin in Moscow. The most treasured buildings have been painstakingly preserved and restored. Old crafts, such as icon making, box painting and glassmaking, are still practiced

If you are interested in seeing Russia at it onion-domed best in a quaint rural setting with out the crowds, hardships and bustling pace of the big cities, the Golden Ring area is a good place to explore. The countryside around the towns is very nice and can be enjoyed from a train, bus or boat.

Early History of Vladimir, Suzdal and the Golden Ring Area

The towns in the golden ring began as northern outposts of the Kievan Rus state. They are considered the heartland of Russia because they preceded Moscow and followed Kiev, which is where Russian-Orthodox culture began, in present-day Ukraine. The main towns of the Golden Ring — Vladimir and Suzdal — gained in importance in the 11th century as Kiev declined. In the 12th century the princes of Kiev moved to Suzdal and then Vladimir which became the effective capital of Russia in 1169. The princes of the region prospered under Mongol rule and maintained a grip on Russia until Moscow rose in power and became the effective capital of Russia when the headquarters of the Russian Orthodox church was established there in the 1320s.

The northern Rus principalities began displaying their independence from in the middle of the 11th century. As this happened the political center of the eastern Slavs moved from present-day Ukraine to what is now Russia. The merchants of Novgorod began trading with the Hanseatic League, based on the Baltic and North Sea. Around the same the principality of Vladimir, near Moscow, began gaining strength. Historians sometimes refer to the change as transformation from "Little" to "Great" Russia

In the northeast, East Slavs colonized the territory that eventually became Muscovy by intermingling with the Finno-Ugric tribes already occupying the area. The city of Rostov was the oldest center of the northeast, but it was supplanted first by Suzdal' and then by the city of Vladimir. By the twelfth century, the combined principality of Vladimir-Suzdal' had become a major power in Kievan Rus'.

Andrew Bogolubsku (ruled 1157-63), a Vladimir prince, sacked Kiev in 1169 and moved the Russian court to Vladimir (the headquarters of the Russia church remained in Kiev until 1300). Bogolubsku began a line known as the Grand Dukes of Vladimir, which were followed by the Grand Dukes of Muscovy. These were all related to the Rurik line and Grand Dukes of Kiev.

Moscow was founded in 1147 by Prince Yuri of Suzdal, who conquered the towns of Vladimir and Suzdal, battled other Russian princes for the throne of Kiev and claimed the land around present-day Moscow from a nobleman who offended him and was ordered killed. Prince Yuri was nicknamed "Dolgoruky," which means "low-handed." The area around the Kremlin had been settled a couple hundred years before prince Yuri arrived and was site of the nobleman's estate when the city was founded. At the time Moscow was founded Kiev was the center of Russian culture. As time went on Moscow grew in importance and Kiev declined.

Cruising the Golden Ring

Many Western travelers that visit the area cruise the canals, lakes and rivers on 300-passenger Russian vacation ship that are virtually floating hotels, complete with restaurants, cabins and a music salon where classical musicians perform every night. The journeys begin and end in St. Petersburg and Moscow so you will have a chance these cities as well. Tour groups in the United States that offer cruises on the Golden Ring include Russian River Cruises and Viking River Cruises.

Volga-Baltic Waterway connects the Baltic Sea with the Volga River through a series the rivers, lakes and canals. Along the shores are small farms, rolling green hills, old villages and birch forests. Both Peter the Great and Stalin had hope to complete a Volga-Baltic water but that goal was not realized until the summer of 1964, when the last link of Baltic to Volga waterway — a waterway stretching from Lake Onega to the Rybinsk Reservoir — was completed. Linking the major cities of European Russia and sometimes called the "Path of God," the 1,100-mile waterway includes dams, locks, canals, reservoirs and the rivers Vytegra, Kovzha, the Beloye Lake and the Sheksna River. River cruise ships ply the waterway from May to September.

Belomorsko-Baltiyskiy Canal in Russia is the world's longest modern canal. extending from Belomorsk to Povenets, it is 226 kilometers (141 miles) long and has 19 locks.

Vladimir Oblast

Vladimir Oblast is where most of the Golden Ring sights are. It is the birthplace of Russian statehood and a real treasure trove for people interested in Russian Orthodox culture. This region contains iconic places where Russia's history was made. The famous Golden Gate of Vladimir, the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, and the white-stone Saint George Cathedral in Yuryev-Polsky can all still be seen today. [Source: Russian Tourism Official Website]

Vladimir Oblast played a central role in the development of Russia’s its culture, language, and traditions. The Vladimir-Suzdal Principality was a forerunner of the Russian state. Millions of people come here to touch the history of the country. Vladimir is 180 kilometers from Moscow, 225 kilometers from Nizhny Novgorod, 170 kilometers from Ryazan and 100 kilometers from Ivanovo. The city of Alexandria is the “capital of the 101st kilometer”.

Vladimir and and Suzdal are the main attractions. According to UNESCO: “These two artistic centres in central Russia hold an important place in the country's architectural history. There are a number of magnificent 12th- and 13th-century public and religious buildings, above all the masterpieces of the Collegiate Church of St Demetrios and the Cathedral of the Assumption of the Virgin.” But there are other places too. In recent years, the previously closed city of Murom has been actively developing tourism. Alexandria and Yuryev-Polsky are also doing all they can to attract tourists. There are also many active Orthodox shrines in the region. Many of the tourists from Russia and the former Soviet Union in the region are pilgrims visiting these shrines.

White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal: UNESCO World Heritage Site

White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1992. According to UNESCO: “The ancient towns of Vladimir and Suzdal, the main towns of the ancient Russian principality in the 12th-13th centuries, are located in the centre of the European part of Russia, some 200 kilometers east of Moscow, 30 kilometers from each other. At this time, the towns developed their individual architecture and art school. These white-stone monuments are unique architectural creations, and part of the Russian treasure-house of culture. [Source: UNESCO]

“The World Heritage property “White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal” is a serial property, made up monuments in Vladimir, Suzdal and Kideksha, five kilometers to the east of Suzdal. In Vladimir are found the Cathedral of the Assumption, the Golden Gate, the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin and the Staircase Tower of the Palace of Andrei Bogulyubsky in the Prince Castle in Bogulyubuvo, and the Church of the Intercession on River Nerl; the Kremlin and Cathedral of the Nativity and the Monastery of Our Saviour and St Euthymius are in Suzdal; and the Church of St Boris and St Gleb stands in Kideksha.

“The architecture of Vladimir-Suzdal is characterized by stonework faced in regular blocks of white limestone, refined proportions, fine stone carving, apparent lightness of buildings, and the skill of the ancient church architects in harmonizing their buildings with the surrounding natural landscape. The monuments are unique in view of their age, authenticity of architectural form, and historic links with the founders of the Russian statehood, such as Yuriy Dolgorukiy (Yuriy Long Hands), Andrey Bogolubskiy (Andrey of Bogolubovo), Vsevolod Bolshoe Gnezdo (Vsevolod the Large Nest) and Georgiy Vsevolodovich.”

The White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal are important because: 1) they “are outstanding examples of ancient Russian architecture. These white-stone structures are a unique phenomenon, incorporating the best work of creative master-minds and presenting an amazing synthesis of architecture and monumental art.” 2) They are “The white-stone monuments and ensembles of the Vladimir and Suzdal school of architecture are outstanding examples of architectural art and perfect models of technical and construction skill, fully harmonized with the surrounding landscape. They exemplify the beginnings and the peak of the white-stone building style of the 12th-13th centuries, and are remarkable for a prominent harmony and perfection of architectural shapes.”

3) They are “an outstanding example of the development and perfection of architectural shapes and white-stone building techniques which formed a unique school of architecture. This influential style began and achieved its greatest expression here and illustrates a most important stage of human history and culture in the Northeast Rus. Widely used as an example for subsequent construction throughout Russian history, they set a standard as a benchmark of architectural beauty and expressiveness of Russian ecclesiastical architecture.:

Vladimir (180 kilometers northeast of Moscow) was the capital of medieval Russia. Founded in 1108 by Prince Vladimir Monomakh of Kiev, it was at the height of its power from 1157 until the arrival of the Mongol-Tatars in 1238. Today it a typical mid-size Russian city, with 350,000 people and two Russia's most beautiful and famous buildings — Assumption Cathedral and St. Demetrius Cathedral. Vladimir's architectural treasures sit impressively on a wooded slope overlooking the River Klyazma.

Vladimir is famous for its architectural monuments, white stone architecture of the pre-Mongol period and numerous museums. The main sights of Vladimir are compactly located in the historical core. In warm weather, you can walk along the streets of the Museum and the Kremlin to the Trinity Church. By taking a turn off central road of the city, street Big Moscow, on to Maiden you come to beautiful Assumption Knyaginin monastery, built in 1200 ans serving as the family vault of dukes and duchesses of the Vladimir Grand-Ducal house.

On the main street of Vladimir, Bolshaya Moskovskaya, there are museums with sticks and spoons and one that brings to life the famous Russian tale, “the House of Granny-Egusi”. On the pedestrian street of Georgievskaya are the main souvenir shops, the smithy of the Borodins, the Museum “Old Pharmacy” with an observation deck nearby. The most popular place to spend the night is the Hotel Vladimir (https://hotel-vladimir.ru/ru/). Budget offerings include the “AMAKS-Golden Ring” (https://vladimir.amaks-hotels.ru). There are other hotels and hostels. Vladimir Region Official Tourist Portal website: vladimirtravel.ru

Getting to Vladimir: To get to Vladimir you drive along the Gorky Highway, a road that passes by century-old spruce and beech forests and well-maintained wooden decorated buildings with colorful wood carvings. Trains from Moscow to Vladimir leave from the Kursk railway station. “Lastochka”, “Strizh” and local trains ply the route, with the trip taking about 2 hours on the fastest train. The price of a one-way ticket is 600 to 1500 rubles depending on the class of the train and the car. Taking a bus from Moscow to Vladimir is not recommended due to traffic jams on the M7 “Volga”, which can mean the trip can take five hours or more. Prices range from 400 to 600 rubles one way. Buses depart both from the Kursk railway station, and from the Shchelkovo bus station.

History of Vladimir

Vladimir is one of the oldest settlements in the Russian Federation. Archaeological finds from the Sungirskoye site, located within the city, show that people settled in this area 25,000 years ago. The majestic hill, now occupied by the Assumption Cathedral, is believed to be one of the oldest centers of Russian civilization.

Medieval Vladimir was located at the meeting point of the Slavic and the Finno-Ugric cultures and a center of the northeastern colonization of Novgorod by Kiev princes. Traces of this colonization are visible in the place names of the city today: Pochaiskaya Street, the Lybid and Rpen rivers all have Kievian origin. The date of the founding of the city is a matter of controversy. Some say it was 990 (based on the interpretion certain passages in the Hypatian Codex that suggest Vladimir the Great visited the site in 990) others say 1093 (the year Vladimir Monomakh inherited the region as part of the Rostov-Suzdal Principality). The first mention of Vladimir in the Primary Chronicle was in 1108.

Vladimir is believed to be named after Vladimir the Great (sometimes called Vladimir the Baptist) or Vladimir Monomakh. Today many scholars support the former and the 990 founding date based on studies of medieval chronicles such as the Russian Chronograph, the Steppen Book and the Tver Chronicle carefully studied by by researchers such as Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev. In any case, the city owes its creation to the work of the Kiev princes Vladimir Monomakh — who first fortified the town and made it a reasonable safe place for people to live — and Andrei Bogolyubsky: and made it his residence in 1157, providing the town with important privileges. Many of the great cultural sites of the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality — the magnificent white stone cathedrals and the Golden Gate — date back to this period. The successor to Prince Andrey, Vsevolod The Big Nest (1154-1212) wore the title of Grand Duke Vladimirsky, which spoke of his supremacy among the Russian princes of that time.

Terrible damage was inflicted on Vladimir as well as northeastern Russia as a whole by the Mongol khans Sudeba and Batu. They seized and looted the city in 1238 and 1293, when city began to gradually lose its dominant position and its sovereignty. Waves of Mongolian raids continued in 1382, 1408 and 1441. However, Vladimir’s nominal capital status was preserved due to the relocation of the Metropolitan of the Russian Orthodox Church in 1299 and the recognition of the princes of Vladimir by khans of the Golden Horde as rulers of all of Russia. The 15th and 16th centuries were characterized as a difficult period in which the Russian state struggled for freedom and independence. Vladimir played a key role in this struggle.

Also during this period, Moscow, having a more advantageous geographical position, gradually rose at expense of the northeastern principalities, which had to constantly defend themselves from Tatar-Mongol invasion. By the beginning of the 16th century, after losing its status as capital and the home of the Russian Orthodox Church, Vladimir became an ordinary provincial city. The people of Vladimir played an important role in the resistance of the Polish intervention and the liberation of the Russian State from the rule of the adventurer False Dmitry II at the beginning of the 17th century. The fortress walls of the city proved to be an insurmountable obstacle to their troops.

Vladimir was under the subordination of Moscow province for a major part of the 18th century . This period is characterized by a significant leap in education, social and spiritual life: the first schools opened and the Vladimir Diocese revived. In 1750, the oldest educational institution of the region, the Holy Theophanian Theological Seminary, opened its doors. In 1796, Vladimir became the administrative center of a new territorial formation, Vladimir Province. According to the building plan of 1781, the construction of large stone buildings began at this time. The look of the city today owes much this period. In the mid 19th century, the city was connected to Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod via the railway and the telegraph began operating. By the end of the 19th century, there was a telephone network and water supply. First step towards industrialization was the opening of a coal power station in 1908. New enterprises and specialized educational establishments, Maltsevo Craft and Real Schools, opened.

During the Soviet period in the life of the city was marked by rapid industrial and construction growth. Vladimir was included in the Ivanovo industrial area in 1929, and the industrialization of the city gained momentum in the early 1930s, when the Vladimir Chemical Plant and the Avtopribor Plant began operations. New residential quarters were formed around these enterprises. In the post-war period, in the mid-1950s, new, modern residential areas and spacious streets such as Mira and Prospect Lenina appeared. The city began to expand to the north and east. The eastern and northeastern parts of the city, which are now its largest residential areas, were built in the mid 1970s and early 1980s. The population of Vladimir increased more than seven times between the 1920s and the end of the 2000s .

Sights in Vladimir

Sights in Vladimir include the Vladimir Region Pre-Revolutionary History Museum, which contains the original coffin of Alexandr Nevsky; the Crystal, Lacquer Miniature and Embroidery exhibition; and the Princess Convent. Vladimir’s main sight, Assumption Cathedral is next to the white-stone Cathedral of St. Demetrius and next to it is observation deck overlooking the Klyazma river. A 10-minute from here leads to the Golden Gate with the gate church and military-historical museum. Nearby, Kozlov shaft (part of the ancient defense system) leads to the Museum “Old Vladimir”, houses in a former water tower. These facilities are maintained by the state Vladimir-Suzdal Museum-reserve. Schedules, tours, prices and additional information can be found on their website: www.vladmuseum.ru/ru/.

Cathedral of St Demetrius features some of the best examples of stone carving in Russia. Built between 1193 and 1197, it was once part of a palace complex. According to UNESCO: “The Cathedral of St Demetrius is a royal church, cubic in form, with three internal naves and a helmet dome. The exterior has over a thousand stone carvings on the general theme of King David. 12th-century frescoes survive in the western part of the interior.” The most outstanding carvings are on the western doorway and the upper parts of the exterior walls. The images of animals and mythical beasts outnumbers those of Christian figures. The cathedral is often locked. .

Church of the Intercession is located opposite the original river gate of Vladimir. It has a single dome at the crossing and reliefs on the upper part of the exterior walls. This white-stone church is situated on a picturesque meadow where the Nerl river runs into the Klyazma river. Sources differ regarding the construction dates of the church. The widespread belief is that Church of the Intercession on the Nerl was built in 1165 by prince Andrew the Pious in memory of his son who died while traveling to the Bulgarian Kingdom. The building site was selected by Andrew personally. This church is considered to be the first in Rus dedicated to the celebration of the Protection of the Blessed Virgin.

The Church of the Intercession is famous for its graceful heavenward forms, and the elegance and transparency of its facade, decorated with carved stone, showing the skills of its builders — the craftsmen of Vladimir. The church interior is equally beautiful. It was initially frescoed and richly decorated with precious items. Excavations have shown that in medieval times, the church was encircled on three sides by an open gallery, with the steps in the southwestern corner leading up to the choir loft and balcony. The initial composition of the building bore a stepped, pyramidal nature. The hill at the foot of the church is a man-made mound that hides the foundation, which itself was raised to the level of the spring floods. The hill's slopes are covered with white stone.

Museum of Crystal and Lacquer Miniatures (in the building of Trinity Church, not far from the Golden Gate) contains about 1,000 pieces of crystal and about 100 examples of fine porcelain — all made by the best craftsmen. The best works of art have been placed in the central case, where they are arranged in the form of a beautiful multi-tiered pyramid , showing off their variety of forms and colors. The collection is divided into the pre-revolutionary and contemporary collections, featuring different processing and cutting methods.

Golden Gate

Golden Gate (in Vladimir) was the ceremonial gate for the defensive walls. Built in 1164 and modeled after a triumphal arch in Kiev, it was restored under Catherine the Great and now houses a museum devoted to Vladimir's military history. According to UNESCO The Golden Gate (1164) forms part of the 12th-century defences, now demolished. It is a cubic tower with a church dedicated to the Deposition of the Holy Robe on top. [Source: UNESCO]

Serving as a fortification and front entrance to the city, the Golden Gate is one of the main symbols of Vladimir. It was built at the same time as the Uspenskiy Cathedral (1158-1164) designed by the Italian architect Lanfranko. Vladimir’s of a large fortification one had a Silver Gate, Copper Gate, and Irininskie Gate, but these are now gone. Some of the earthen ramparts of the fortification have been partially preserved. Others are gone. The front entrance is crowned with the small Rizopolozhenskaya Church, which looks like a in miniature cathedral. The sides of the gate were fortified with earthen mounds and the entrance to the town was protected by large ornate doors.

In 1238, the Tartar-Mongol army of Batu Khan invaded Vladimir. The intruders were unable to manage to break through the central gate and made a hole in the ramparts — which took eight days — instead. According to one story, when Catherine the Great visited Vladimir, her large royal carriage could not fit through the central entrance. After that the empress ordered the earth mounds around the gate to be taken down. Even though it had remained unchanged for many centuries, the Golden Gate was transformed at the beginning of the 19th century to abide by Catherine’s orders. The Rizopolozhenskaya church was taken down and the stairways were covered using earthen mounds. They did not remain this way for long: the church was rebuilt and the stairways were re-opened. That was when the small lateral towers were built.

The Golden Gate is one of the parts of Vladimir included in the UNESCO World Heritage Site. Today it is favorite destination for residents and tourists. There is a popular superstition that goes: if you walk under the arch and make a wish, it will come true. This is why many newlyweds make an effort to pass under the Golden Gate.

Assumption Cathedral

Assumption Cathedral (Vladimir) is the most famous building in Vladimir. It was the inspiration for the Assumption Cathedral in the Kremlin and in turn was inspired by the brick Byzantine churches of Kiev. It is now is a working church, often filled with worshippers and pilgrims.

Begun in 1158 and expanded after a fire in the 1180s, but largely unchanged after that, this white-stone church is a simple structure with a central dome, five outer domes, five aisles and beautiful carvings. It was built to house the Byzantine icon of the Virgin, brought from Kiev and now known as the “Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God” (currently in the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow). Among the treasures that remain are a few restored mural of peacocks and saints painted between 1158 and 1160 on the inner wall of the north side and the “Last Judgment” fresco painted by Rublyov and Daniil Chyorny in 1408 in the central nave and inner south aisle under the choir gallery.

The Assumption Cathedral is an outstanding monument of medieval Russian architecture and one of the most important churches of Russia, and is part of the Vladimir-Suzdal UNESCO World Heritage site. Within the cathedral some of Russia;s first great princes were married and buried. According to UNESCO: “The Cathedral of the Assumption was intended to be the religious centre of all Russia. It was built in the town Kremlin with three naves surmounted by a delicate drum and a helmet dome. Divided into five sections by embedded columns, the facade is notable for its carved reliefs. Most of the 12th-century frescoes were destroyed by Mongols in 1238, but new mural paintings were added in 1408 by the master painters Andrei Rublev and Daniil Chernii, in particular the famous “Last Judgment.” The iconostasis is a fine Baroque example of 1774. [Source: UNESCO]

History of Assumption Cathedral

Assumption Cathedral was built according to a design by the north Italian architects and engineers Lanfranc and Guilherme who were sent to help Andrew Bogoliubsky by German Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, who was a friend of the Vladimir Prince. The plan called for extensive use of Romanesque decorative elements and animal stone carving. Aristotle Fioravanti, who designed the Kremlin Assumption Cathedral, was inspired by the Vladimir original.

Construction of the Vladimir Assumption Cathedral began in 1158 and was completed four years later. The stone came from the Vladimir suburbs.Labor was provided by Volga Bulgar prisoners, who transported and shaped the stone, and paid Italian, German and Russian stone carvers. The construction was quite expensive for that time. Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir, was pointedly constructed higher than the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev, marking Vladimir’s religious, social and political status and superiority to Kiev.

The first prince to be buried in Assumption Cathedral was Prince Andrew Bogolyubsky, who died because of conspirator, was buried here in 1174. Later, Vsevolod the Big Nest was married here. Many members of the Vladimir princely family, bishops and first Russian metropolitans were buried in the walls of the cathedral. In 1185, the church experienced it first serious trial: a big fire. The following year, it was decided to strengthen and expand the Cathedral by attaching side galleries to it. During the reconstruction, décor items were neatly and carefully preserved and moved to the new walls and galleries themselves were arranged slightly below the original church. Russian and Byzantine masters frescoes in the church in 1189, large fragments of which survive to this day.

In the winter of 1238, Mongol invaders led by Batu Khan attacked Vladimir. Breaking through the permanent defense, Mongols entered the city. Residents led by Bishop Metrofanis hid in the biggest structures of the city, particularly Assumption Cathedral, but walls of the church could not protect them. The invaders were able to break down the gates and killed all they could get their hands on. About a thousand people died. According to legend, the Tatar-Mongols attempted to make off with relics of Prince Andrew and he rose from the grave and blinded the looters.

In 1252 Alexander Nevsky began his reign, In 1299 the Metropolitan of Kiev Maxim moved the headquarters of the Russian Orthodox Church into Assumption Cathedra, making it the main church of Russia. In the 15th century, new paintings were added. Among those that participated was the greatest Russian icon-painting master Andrei Rublev, whose created the “Last Judgment”, which has withstood numerous fires and restorations and survives today. In 1470, the church endured another big fire, which took away lives of many people, as evidenced by preserved inscriptions scratched on the walls that restorers have not erased.

After the establishment of Moscow, the Assumption Cathedral lost must of its importance. When Catherine the Great visited Vladimir in the late 18th century, she ordered a sprucing up of the church and allocated 15,000 rubles for the building of a new altar, and thus a new Baroque- style one replaced the old wooden altar and it became the most expensive altar of Russia in that time and remains in the church today. At the beginning of 19th century in the cathedral underwent significant restoration: window openings were enlarged, a new hipped roof was installed and side galleries were decorated with painting. In 1810, the bell tower with a tall steeple was built.

In 1862, St. George's chapel designed by of prominent Vladimir architect and restorer N. Artlebena was constructed. In 1880, the large-scale research restoration was held: onion domes were replaced by authentic helmet ones, windows were renovated and frescoes by Andrei Rublev were reopened. During the Soviet era in the mid-1970s another significant restorationwas carried out: flooring and 12th-century frescoes were restored. The stone was covered with special anti-moisture chemicals. In 1992, the Assumption Cathedral was named as a central part of the Vladimir-Suzdal UNESCO World Heritage Site. Today, the cathedral is under the control of the Vladimir-Suzdal Museum-Reserve and the Vladimir Diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church.

Bogolyubovo

Bogolyubovo (11 kilometers east of Vladimir) is named after Andrey Bogolyubov, the Kievian prince who made Vladimir into a powerful state. A tower and arch from Andrey Bogolyubov original palace remain. The is also a 18th century monastery. According to UNESCO “The Princely Castle at Bogolyubovo (1165) contains the remains of the 12th-century Royal Palace, in the form of the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin and the Staircase Tower of Andrei Bogolyubskii. The cathedral is a 17th-century building on the site of the original structure.”

In 1158, the village of Bogolyubovo was founded as a princely residence. The main attraction in this small town of 4,000 people is the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, a simple white stone structure with a single blue onion dome that stands by itself in a open field by a river. Built between 1158 and 1165, this mall understated church has been described by some as the most perfect of all Russian buildings.

Bogolyubovo is also the home of St. Bogolyubsky convent, where in 1174 the boyars killed Prince Andrew Bogolyubsky. In the monastery there are fragments of the Prince's Terem. The place he was murdered is identified. A 20 minute walk through a meadow will bring you to the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl.

Suzdal (32 kilometers north of Vladimir) is a beautiful historical town with 12,000 people that seems more like museum than a real place. Located among green fields on the Kamenka River, it has many lovely old buildings and has been spared from factories, development and Communism largely because the main railway in the region was routed to the south and now is officially protected from development.

Suzdal (pronounced SOOZ-dal) was founded in the 11th century and will celebrate its 1000th anniversary in 2024. It was briefly the major town in northern Russia until it was eclipsed by Vladimir and later Moscow. At that time it was known as a trading center and then a monastic center.

Horse-drawn carriages rides are offered in the summer and sleigh rides in the winter. In summer, guests can take a river tram ride along the Kamenka river and admire the beauty of Suzdal and its surroundings from the water (Check rechoytramvay.com for information on routes, schedules, prices).

In Suzdal, more than 3500 hotel and guest houses rooms, with something for every taste and budget. Many tourists stay in hotel and tourist complex such as the art-hotel Nikolaevsky Posad (website: nposad.ru) and the hotel Pushkarskaya Sloboda (www.pushkarka.ru). For latter be prepared to pay 3,000 rubles a night. For tourist information and a guide to Suzdal hotels check the website: gtksuzdal.ru. Vladimir Region Official Tourist Portal is: vladimirtravel.ru . You can also check the Official Tourism Portal of Vladimirskaya Oblast vladimirtravel.ru

History of Suzdal

Suzdal is one of the oldest cities in Russia. The date of the founding of the city is now considered to be 999, but the first mention of the town is the Suzdal uprising of 1024, when of traditional animists clashed with Orthodox Christians at a time when the feudalization of Rus was gaining momentum.

Beginning in the 12th century, Suzdal was an important center of political life in the Vladimir-Suzdal principality and the entire Northeastern Russia area as a whole. This period is characterized by extensive construction and development. Suzdal grew into a fairly large and wealthy town known for its handicrafts, traders, agricultural products, fairgrounds and bright buildings.

In 1392, Suzdal became part of the Grand Duchy of Moscow and gradually began to lose political and economic influence. At this time Suzdal was known as a religious center. Churches, and well-fortified monasteries and convents were built. Some of these served as places of exile for disgraced statesmen. The wife of Tsar Vasily Solomoniya Saburova and the first wife of Pyotr I Evdokiya Lopukhina were exiled to Pokrovsky Convent. In the 19th century, prominent figures of the Decembrist uprising were sent to Spaso-Epiphanovsky Monastery to do hard labor.

Suzdal residents participated in important political events during the reunification of the Russian state, alternately supporting Novgorod and Moscow and participating in conquest campaigns. The city was one of the important centers for the preparation of infantry troops right up to the Pyotr reforms. Catherine the Great gave Suzdal the status of a county town in the Vladimir province in 1778, which helped it attract blacksmiths, silversmiths, tanners, weavers, chasers and tarders.. Annual fairs in Suzdal in the 18th century attracted people from all over Russia and the money earned by local merchant was invested in architectural monuments such as spacious shopping arcades, churches and merchant houses. In the 19th century, Suzdal declined somewaht because of its remoteness and the refusal of citizens to allow the construction of a railway.

The Soviet industrialization of the 1930s bypassed Suzdal and thus the city has retained much its original medieval appearance. , and as a result, in 1967, according to new general development plan, Suzdal became an open-air museum. This decision breathed new life into the city. In the early 1970s, a modern hotel complex and a comfortable bus station were erected. The agrarian sector of the district was also modernized: New farms were established and factories for processing and preserving vegetables were built.

Sights on Suzdal

Among the fifty historical buildings in Suzdal are five monasteries and 30 odd churches that were built over the centuries by tsars and wealthy merchants drawn by the town's holiness. A one-mile-long rampart wall encloses some houses, churches and the main cathedral group. Among the main tourist sights are the 14th century Spaso-Euphimiev monastery of the 14th century, containing the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral, and the Suzdal Kremlin with the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin. Most of the attractions of Suzdal are overseen by the Vladimir-Suzdal Museum-reserve (www.vladmuseum.ru )

The White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1992: According to UNESCO In Suzdal, the Kremlin (fortress) is surrounded by earthen ramparts. Within, dominating the whole town, stands the Cathedral of the Nativity, built in the 13th century and reconstructed in the 16th century, with its five-domed roof and 13th-century Golden Doors. Important monuments in the posad (civil settlement) include several cubic churches of the 16th and 17th centuries, such as the Convent of the Deposition of the Holy Robe and the Refectory Church of the Assumption, and several monasteries. The most important of the latter is the Monastery of Our Saviour and St Euthymius, founded in 1352, with its 16th-century Cathedral of the Transfiguration built in the 12th-century tradition of Vladimir. [Source: UNESCO]

“On the right bank of the Nerl River, at Kideksha, is the Church of St Boris and St Gleb. It is of great architectural importance, since it was the first church in Russia to be built in white limestone, the style that came to characterize above all else the 12th-century architecture of Vladimir. It is small (15.5 meters x 15.5 meters) with three apses on its eastern side. It is plain, with little decoration, though remains of medieval frescoes were revealed in 1947.

Building in Suzdal included the Church of SS Boris & Gleb, the oldest church in the area (1152); Lazarus Church, with multicolored stonework; SS Kosmas & Damian, beautifully situated on a river; and about three dozen other old buildings. The Church of Boris and Gleb is located about four kilometers east of Suzdal in the village of Kideksha, at the confluence of the Kamenka and Nerl rivers. The Church of SS Boris & Gleb is considered the first white-stone temple of northeastern Russia and is part of the Vladimir-Suzdal UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Torgovaya Ploshchad lies at the center of Suzdal’s old marketplace of artisans and traders. There is an early 19th-century Trading Arcade set among some lovely 18th century churches. Monastery of the Deposition contains the tallest structure in Suzdal, a 72-meter-high, early 18th-century belltower. It also contains two 17th-century pyramidal towers. Many of the 16th-century buildings are in a poor state of repair. Nearby is the Alexandrovsky Convent, a small white-painted structure that sits on the embankment over the river. It was reportedly built by Alexander Nevsky for noble women whose husbands had been slaughtered by the Mongols.

Nativity of the Holy Virgin Cathedral is one of the oldest structures in Russia. Built in the 1220s, it features blue domes with sprinkles of gold and richly carved white stone adornments on the outer walls. The interior boasts frescoes dated between the 13th and 17th centuries. Around the yard outside the cathedral is the 15th century Archbishop Hall, the 18th century Cross Hall, and a 17th century belltower. The nearby Suzdal History Exhibition has a fine collection of 15th to 17th century Vladimir-Suzdal school icons. Nearby is a the wooden St. Nicholas church, built in 1766 and brought to Suzdal from a village near Yuriev-Polsky.

Savior-Euthymius Monastery (Spaso-Yefimevsky Monastery)

Savior-Euthymius Monastery (also known as Spaso-Yefimevsky Monastery) is Suzdal's largest monastery. Founded in the 14th century, it was built into a large fortress and religious center under Vasiy III and Ivan the Terrible. The large brick walls and towers date to the 17th century. Among the building are a tall 16th-century belltower, whose bell ringers play a 10-minutes mini-concerts every hour; the seven-domed Cathedral of the Transfiguration of the Saviour; the 16th century Assumption Church, wit a display of 15th century Russian books; the monks quarters, which contain a museum of folk art; and an old prison now connected to a hospital and church.

Savior-Euthymius Monastery is located on the northern outskirts of Suzdal, over the river Kamenka, It was founded by the Suzdal and Nizhny Novgorod princes Boris and Andrei Konstantinovich. Initially, the monastery was called Monastery of the Lord’s Transfiguration and then the Savior-Transfiguration Monastery. The prefix Euthymius was added to honor monastery’s first abbot — Euphemia — who had served here for 52 years.

The monastery is surrounded by 1200 meters of walls with twelve towers and battlements. The walls were built in 1670-1680 and made the monastery the strongest fortress in the Vladimir region. They have loopholes and observation towers and are adjusted to the terrain. The walls on side facing the river are low. The south wall, which rests on the spacious plain, is higher and thicker. In the turbuent 17th century such walls were useful as protection from national revolts. The 22-meter-high Entrance Tower is the most impressive tower. The tower is constructed from red brick and has two icon cases in the bottom.

The earliest stone building in the monastery is the Savior Church, built over the tomb of St. Euthymius of Suzdal (1507-1511), which became the side chapel of the nearby Transfiguration Cathedral in 1564. Since the construction, the Savior-Transfiguration Cathedral has been the main church of the monastery, and is currently one of the main tourist attractions in Suzdal. The white-stone cathedral was decorated with outdoor paintings in the 16th century. At the end of 17th, the famous Kostroma masters Gury Nikitin and Sila Savin created colorful painting on the interior walls. The frescoes included portraits of the kings Mikhail Fedorovich and Alexei Mikhailovich and the Grand King of Vladimir Vsevolod the Big Nest. Scenes from the life of St. Euphemia of Suzdal are found in the Euthymius chapel.

The monastery bell tower was built on the square in front of the Savior Transfiguration Cathedral in the beginning of the 16th century and had been repeatedly reconstructed with new parts until the end of the 17th century. The bell tower is a unique example of multiple buildings’ formation. It is linked to the Nativity Church of St. John the Baptist and has three bays for bells. The whole construction is topped with a tent and a belfry with a clock. The oldest bell was cast in 1560. Every day, five times per day, these beautiful bells toll.

The Assumption refectory church, one of the first works of the Russian tent stone architecture, was built around 1525. It is located on the square in front of Savior-Transfiguration Cathedral opposite to the belfry. The tent of Assumption church is combined with an attached refectory tent, once decorated with frescoes. Unfortunately, these paintings have not survived. To the east of the Transfiguration Cathedral is St. Nicholas Church with the hospital chambers and Fraternal privately building. St. Nicholas Hospital Church is a one-domed church with a facade decorated with corbel archs. The first floor of the building was a refectory. Wards were on the second floor. The two-story Fraternal building, constructed between 1628 and 1660, contained monks cells.

Among those buried at the monastery are Prince Ivan Striga-Obolensky, some of the Khovanskys princes, the Pozharsky Princes and their families, including the national hero of Russia, the Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. In the 18th century, during the reign of Catherine the Great, the monastery was turned into a prison for religious and political prisoners, disgraced clerics and dignitaries, sectarians, heretics and participants in revolts. After 1917, the monastery hosted military units, a concentration camp, and a prison for political prisoners, During World War II it was a POW camp for captured Nazi officers. Field Marshal Paulus was kept there. In post-war years, it housed a colony for girls. In 1967, the monastery started to be restored and rebuilt. Currently, the monastery ensemble is a part of the Vladimir-Suzdal Museum-Reserve and is part of the Vladimir-Suzdal UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Pokrovsky Convent

Pokrovsky Convent (Suzdal) was founded in 1364 and is occupied by a small community of nuns. The convent contains a three domed cathedral and graves of tsarinas who were sent to convent while the tsars took younger lovers. In the Soviet era some of the nuns cells were turned into a hotel. The main buildings are St. Pokrovsky Cathedral, a belfry, Holy Gates with the Annunciation Gate Church and the Conception Refectory Church.

According to the legend, the Prince of Suzdal and Nizhny Novgorod Andrei Konstantinovish ordered the the construction of this magnificent architectural ensemble after making a sacred vow. Like many of Russia’s oldest religious buildings, the St. Pokrovsky Convent was originally built of wood. Nothing of these 14th century buildings survives. The Pokrovsky “abode” was the spiritual and corporeal prison for “guilty” women from royal and noble families. The convent was quite rich and a large number of serfs. It earned great sums of money from wealthy and titled women who gave their land and property to the convent when they became nuns. The greatest period of growth was during the stay of Salomonia Saburova (1510 — 1518).

The Pokrovsky Convent is surrounded by stonewall largely built in the 16th-18th centuries. The 17th-century tent tower located in the northern part of the convent has a variety of decorations on its outer walls that were built at different times. The main entrance to Pokrovsky convent is the Holy Gates, near the Annunciation Church. The Holy Gates were built under Vasily III in 1518. The Annunciation Church is an unusual monument. A large arch is shifted to one side of the structure and there is a staircase that leads up in the adjacent wall. In the center, there is a little gate church with a closed vault. The facades are finished with gables. A raised dome tower overarches three narrow porches with arches.

St. Pokrovsky Cathedral is the main building of the Convent. Construction of the main part of the building was carried out in 1510-1514. The three-domed church sits on four pillars, with three apses in the altar area. The windows are decorated with apses. The walls have pilasters, friezes and arches. Presiding over the entire architectural ensemble at the convent, enormous, white-stone Pokrovsky Cathedral sets the tone for the entire convent. The basement of the cathedral contains the tomb of famous recluses.

A gallery connects the porch of the Pokrovsky Cathedral with tent belfry of the convent. The lower tier of the bell tower was designed as a tomb, and the top hosted a tiny little church. The bell tower had six bells — three large and three “rings”. In 1995, the convent received relics of St. Sophia of Suzdal. There are many legends and miracles attributed to St. Sophia.. People pray for her about children.

Suzdal Kremlin Architectural Complex

The Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin inside the Suzdal Kremlin is the oldest building in Suzdal. A distinctive feature of the cathedral is that it is built not of smooth white stone, but of rough tufa. As far back as in the 12th century, Vladimir Monomakh built a church on this site and consecrated it in honor of Assumption Day. However the place for the construction of the cathedral was poorly chosen. It was constructed on the site of a former ravine, and the cathedral dilapidated quickly. Later the Assumption Cathedral was rebuilt by the Duke of Suzdal, Yury Dolgoruky. In 1222, by the order of Duke Georgy Vsevolodovich, the Assumption Cathedral was partially dismantled and rebuilt, after which it was re-consecrated and renamed as the Cathedral of the Nativity. Over the years, the main Cathedral of the Kremlin has been repeatedly renovated and upgraded in accordance with the requirements of the times, but most of these add-ons have not survived.

In the 15th century near the Cathedral of the Nativity, the first brick bishopric palaces were built in Suzdal. They represent a complex set of structures constructed during the 15th-18th centuries. In the 16th century, the refectory church of the Annunciation was built next to them. In 1635 opposite the Cathedral of the Nativity, a monumental octagonal pillar was constructed with a bell tower and a high tented roof. In the middle tier of the pillar a house church was built. A clock was installed on the bell tower at the end of the 17th century and chimed for every hour and quarter hour. For communication between adjacent metropolitan chambers, magnificent passages were made from the chambers to the western facade of the bell tower.

The Kremlin also includes churches built into the earthen ramparts: the Church of the Assumption, the Church of St. Nikolas, and the Church of the Nativity. The Church of the Assumption was built on a site that had served as a courtyard for the Grand Duke Ivan III in the second half of the 15th century. In the Suzdal building records from 1617, the church was noted as wooden, but after a large fire in 1650, the church was rebuilt out of stone. In the second half of the 17th century and early part of the 13th century, the church was probably rebuilt again, as its lower and upper parts are characterized by different types of construction. The Church of the Assumption is one of the few representatives of Moscow or Naryshkin baroque in Suzdal.

The Church of St. Nikolas was built in 1720-1739 on the site of a tent wooden church that had burned down in 1719. The church is typical of Suzdal: it is a single-domed church with a large apsis and an add-on bell tower with an attached tent-roof. Located next to the Kremlin, the small Church of the Nativity, built in 1775, is a “warm” church accompanying the large “cold” one. Small “warm” churches are usually very simple and plain in their architecture, often similar to a residential one-story building or a square wooden church.

The wooden Church of St. Nicholas, which was relocated from the village of Glotovo in the Yuriev-Polsky district in 1961, is also located inside the Kremlin. It was the first exhibit at what would come to be known as the Museum of Wooden Architecture. It is a true piece of carpentry art, as it was cut out of wood with an axe and constructed using only wooden nails. Today, the Suzdal Kremlin is among the most important tourist, historical, and religious sites not only in Vladimir oblast and Russia, but Europe as a whole. Suzdal is included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Museum of Wooden Architecture

Museum of Wooden Architecture (Suzdal) contains old churches, log houses, windmills, a barn with tools, and an entire wooden "model village" that illustrates how peasants lived in tsarist times. Located on the high bank of the Kamenka Rriver, the museum is made up of buildings of the 17th to 19th centuries that were brought here from different parts of the Suzdal and Vladimir regions.

The idea of the museum appeared in 1960 and began to take shape under the guidance of V.M. Anisimov, the employee at a restoration workshop. The museum is located on the site of the ruined St. George and Demetrius Churches, the remarkable piece of 18th century wooden architecture. Here, residential buildings, farm buildings, churches, windmills and almost an entire village were brought.

The first building, which was transported to the museum of wooden architecture, was the church of the Transfiguration of the Lord, dating back to the middle of the 18th century, which was previously located in the village Kozlyatevo of the Kolchuginsky area. The second was the Church of the Resurrection from the village Potakino of the Kameshkovsky area. This peculiar ensemble is common for Suzdal region. Here, when the “winter” warms a “summer” church as well as bell tower are placed together. The construction of churches is done without any nails, with pine trees harvested in the area. The main, and sometimes the only, construction tool is an ax — and not only for cutting and shaping the timber, but also to create the carved details, even the smallest ones.

The organization in homes of different social classes, before and after the abolition of serfdom in 1861 is preserved. Thus, houses that have the same fundamental structure can differ significantly in appearance and interior decoration. The peasant hut of an average level serf from Ilkino village of the Melenkovsky District has berths are equipped not only on the stove and in the loft, but also on benches next to the spinning wheel. A house from the Log village, in contrast, is more economically developed: there is also a bed and a lamp. Instead of spinning wheels, there are looms and a sewing machine, which shows the family that lived here was far above average wealth. The beautiful windmills are from the village Moshok in Sudogodsky District.

Today, the museum of wooden architecture is living museum with of traditional festivals and working crafts masters. Handicrafts, which local masters are famous for include woodcarving, painting of wooden toys, weaving, and creating toys from clay. There is crafts festival is held on the Trinity, in June. In July, the museum hosts a cucumber festival.

Near Vladimir and Suzdal

Alexandrov (80 kilometers northeast of Moscow and 80 kilometers west of Suzdal) was the unofficial capital of Russia from 1564 to 1581 under Ivan the Terrible, when the city was known as Alexander Sloboda. Ivan the Terrible ruled from here and received foreign ambassadors, held a Royal review of brides, and — according to some versions of the story — killed his son Ivan. Currently, is city is home to more than 60 cultural heritage sites. It is a major industrial center, focused on the production of home appliances and high-tech devices.

Murom (280 kilometers east of Moscow and 130 kilometers southeast of Vladimiris one of the oldest cities in Russia. The ancient capital of the Finno-Ugric people, it is the reputed birthplace of the hero Ilya Muromets (1157). Murom is popular among tourists and pilgrims, who flock here for the Orthodox holidays honoring the Murom saints Peter and Fevronia (July 8).

There is a good collection of icons, pre-Slavic period artifacts and items from merchant life in the Museum of Local Lore (/www.museum-murom.ru/). One of the buildings of the Museum is located in the mansion, where the “father of Soviet television” Vladimir Kozmich Zvorykin was born in 1888. The most popular sights of Murom are the Transfiguration and Annunciation Monastery and the Resurrection and Holy Trinity Convent. The Holy Trinity convent houses the relics of Peter and Fevronia, the patrons of family happiness and a strong marriage. The town has hostels for pilgrims.

Getting to Murom: Trains from Moscow to Murom mainly run from Kazan station. Tickets are about 1000 rubles one way. The travel time is four 4 hours. Buses from Moscow to Murom depart from Kursk railway station. Tickets are 880 rubles one way, travel time, about 5 hours. By car from Moscow to Murom, you take the M7 highway “Volga”, then, before reaching Vladimir, turn on the Murom highway. The distance from Moscow to Murom by road is just over 300 kilometers.

St. George's Cathedral in Yuryev-Polskiy

St. George's Cathedral (70 kilometers northwest of Vladimir and 200 kilometers northeast of Moscow) was built in 1230-1234 on the site of an ancient cathedral founded by Yuri Dolgorukiy in 1152. The first cathedral stood for less than a hundred years; according to chronicles, it was destroyed during an earthquake. The second St. George's Cathedral was adorned with rich stone carving. Stones with elaborately carved relief images of people, animals, birds and plants were laid out to complete whole pictures.

In the mid 1460s, the second cathedral suddenly collapsed, but not entirely. The current white-stone masonry shows the line of the collapse, which runs from the upper northwest corner to the lower southeast. Ivan III, Prince of Moscow, ordered the restoration of the cathedral as soon as possible and entrusted it to the architect and contractor Yermolin. After the restoration, the cathedral became significantly lower but the interior was preserved.

In the 17th century, a tent-shaped bell tower was added to the temple. In the 18th century, it was replaced with a new one of four tiers, which was damaged after the revolution. In the early 19th century, the warm chapel of the Holy Trinity was expanded; in 1809-1827, a warm cathedral was built in honor of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross. These additional buildings were demolished during the Soviet era.

Sergiev Posad

Sergiev Posad (70 kilometers north of Moscow) is town of 110,000 people located around the Trinity Monastery of St. Sergius, one of the most important religious centers in Russia, and where the Patriarch had his residence until the late 1980s. Lying in the Central Russian plain, it is a popular day trip destination from Moscow and a pilgrimage site among religious Russians. In the Soviet era Sergiev Posad was known as Zagorsk. Sergiyev Posad is the closest city to Moscow that is included in the Golden Ring of Russia.

Sergiev Posad is known for its numerous gardens, gold embroidery and wood carvings. The monastery there is currently a center of a religious revival. Every year thousands of pilgrims, tourists come to Sergiev Posad to visit the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius, to venerate the relics and icons, attend the services in local churches.

Sergiev Posad Museum was established in 1920. It has a collection of ancient art treasures from the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, including icons, embroidered curtains and linen cloths, vestments of clergy, manuscripts and printed books, church and secular utensils — a total of about 10,000 objects. Today, the museum consists of four rooms in the historic part of Sergiev Posad. This main building (ave. Of the Red Army, 144), Local Lore Museum Department (ravine per., 9a), the museum complex "Stables" (str. 1st Shock Army, 2a) and the Sacristy (on the territory of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra) .

Getting There from Moscow: 1) by train from Yaroslavsky railway station; 2) by bus from VDNKh Metro station; 3) by car (about 70 kilometers) along the Yaroslavskoye highway.

Trinity Monastery of St. Sergius

Trinity Monastery of St. Sergius (in Sergiev Posad) is largest monastery in Russia and the burial place of tsar Boris Godunov and the setting of many Russian films. Founded in 1340, it is one of the most important monasteries in Russia and one of the few monasteries that remained active in the Soviet era when it was the home of Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church. The Patriarch has had his official residence in Danilov Monastery in Moscow since 1988.

Trinity Monastery of St. Sergius is surrounded by a thick white fortress wall that was built to keep out the Mongol and Tatar hordes. Inside are many churches. Some have golden helmet domes. Trinity Cathedral is the most important building in the monastery. Built in the 1420s, it contains the tomb St. Sergius and many icons painted by the famous Russian artist, Andre Rublyov. The most famous icon, the Old Testament Trinity, in the iconostasis is a copy. The original is in the Tretyakkob Gallery in Moscow.

The monastery is situated in the city center, and you can be entered at any time for free. A ticket for all four buildings of the museum (the Sacristy, Konny Dvor museum complex, the Local History Building and the Main Building) costs RUB 600. Please note: the monastery is a religious object, entry is permitted only to appropriately dressed visitors, no shorts, miniskirts or shirts are allowed. Female visitors should have a headscarf with them. Travelling tip: if the purpose of your trip is to see the remains of Sergius of Radonezh in the Trinity Cathedral, it is best to arrive in the city as early as possible, in order to avoid hours-long lines.

Trinity Sergius Lavra in Sergiev Posad: UNESCO World Heritage Site

The Architectural Ensemble of the Trinity Sergius Lavra in Sergiev Posad was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1993. According to UNESCO: This is a fine example of a working Orthodox monastery, with military features that are typical of the 15th to the 18th century, the period during which it developed. The main church of the Lavra, the Cathedral of the Assumption (echoing the Kremlin Cathedral of the same name), contains the tomb of Boris Godunov. Among the treasures of the Lavra is the famous icon, The Trinity,by Andrei Rublev. [Source: UNESCO]

“The Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius is a world famous spiritual center of the Russian Orthodox Church and a popular site of pilgrimage and tourism. Being situated in the town of Sergiev Posad about 70 kilometers to the northeast from Moscow, it is the most important working Russian monastery and a residence of the Patriarch. This religious and military complex represents an epitome of the growth of Russian architecture and contains some of that architecture’s finest expressions. It exerted a profound influence on architecture in Russia and other parts of Eastern Europe.

“The Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius, “the pearl” of the Russian church architecture, was founded in the first half of the 14th century (1337) by the monk Sergius of Radonezh, a great abbot of Russia and one of the most venerated orthodox saints. Sergius achieved great prestige as the spiritual adviser of Dmitri Donskoi, Great Prince of Moscow, who received his blessing to the battle of Kulikov of 1380. The monastery started as a little wooden church on Makovets Hill, and then developed and grew stronger through the ages.

“The Trinity Sergius Lavra Monastery complex represents the fusion of traditional Russian architecture with that of Western Europe, creating an Eastern European tradition with a strong influence on architectural developments in a large area of Eastern Europe.The Lavra is an outstanding and remarkably complete example of an active Orthodox monastery complex with a military function that is characteristic of the period of its growth and expansion from the 15th to the 18th century.”

Story of St. Sergius

Trinity Monastery of St. Sergius is associated with the name of Saint Sergius of Radonezh. According to legend, in his early years Sergius, who bore the lay name of Bartholomew, and his brother decided to become monks. After finding a solitary place in the forest, they built a monastic cell and a small church in the name of the Holy Trinity. Soon after, his brother went to the Moscow Epiphany Monastery and Sergius stayed behind alone.

Humility, patience, and a strong work ethic were among the distinguishing merits of Sergius of Radonezh. Striving to achieve the ideal of holiness, the hermit bravely overcame temptations and did not spend a single hour in sloth. A rumor about an ascetic living in Radonezh forest spread in towns and villages. Monks began to come to Sergius. This is how the monastery gradually appeared around his settlement. At the emphatic request of his disciples, Sergius became a priest and the abbot of the monastery he founded. People came from afar to have a word with the Reverend, and Trinity Monastery became a spiritual center of the Moscow lands.

Reverend Sergius passed away on September 25, 1392. Before his death he gave in commandment to the brethren to keep the purity of the Orthodox religion, to preserve the purity of soul and body, to practice unfeigned love, and to strive for humbleness and hospitality. In 1422, during the construction of the Trinity Church inside the monastery, holy relics of the Reverend Sergius were discovered and became the main sacred items in the church.

Early History of Trinity Monastery of St. Sergius

The monastery is said to have been founded in 1337, but some historians place it at a later date. In 1422, the first stone building of the monastery, Trinity Cathedral, was laid on the location of the old wooden church. Prominent icon painters took part in decorating the temple. Andrei Rublev painted the famous Trinity for the cathedral's iconostasis. The Trinity Cathedral was venerated by Moscow's dukes. Agreements were verified through kissing the cross, and heirs to the throne were baptized here.

Over the centuries a unique ensemble of more than 50 buildings and constructions of different dates were established. The whole complex was erected according to the architectural concept of the main church, the Trinity Cathedral (1422), where the relics of St. Sergius may be seen. The White Church of the Descent of the Holy Spirit on the Apostles decorating the Cathedral Square was built in 1476-1477 years by Pskov craftsmen. The church combines unique features of early Muscovite and Pskovian architecture. A remarkable feature of this church is a bell tower under its dome without internal interconnection between the belfry and the cathedral itself.

The construction of the Assumption Cathedral started in 1559, and its history is linked with the name of Ivan the Terrible. The Cathedral of the Assumption, echoing the Cathedral of the Assumption in the Moscow Kremlin, was completed in 1585. The frescoes of the Assumption Cathedral were painted in 1684. At the northwestern corner of the Cathedral, on the site of the western porch, in 1780 a vault containing burials of Tsar Boris Godunov and his family was built.

In the 1540s, the construction of white stone walls around the monastery began. In the 1550s a belt in the form of an irregular quadrangle with the length of about 1.5 kilometers was built. At the same time, hammer ponds were built in ravines adjacent to the monastery, and on the southern side a large pond was dug. The monastery had become a powerful fortress. The six meters high and 3.5 meters thick defensive walls proved their worth during the 16-month siege by Polish-Lithuanian invaders during the Time of Trouble. In the middle of the 17th century, fortifications were strengthened and the monastery took its present day shape.

Later History of Trinity Monastery of St. Sergius

At the end of the 17th century, a chapel was built over a spring discovered in 1644 during repairs of a porch in the Assumption Cathedral. According to legend, its healing water cured a blind monk, and the afflicted started to come to the miraculous spring from all over Russia. In 1699, a gate church was built at the expense of wealthy patrons, the Stroganovs. This is the temple where now sacrament of penance is performed for many devotees and where confession is held for pilgrims who come each morning to the temple.

The monastery attained the title of Lavra in the 1740s. Empress Elizabeth often visited, accompanied by fireworks and luxurious meals. A recreational palace surrounded by greenhouses was built beyond the walls of the monastery. A court architect designed a new monastery bell tower, the same one for which the Tsar Bell was cast. The five-tier bell tower, the highest one in Russia, occupies a central position in the architectural ensemble of the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius.

Many buildings of the Lavra were supposed to have been rebuilt. A massive fire, which in 1746 destroyed all the wooden buildings of the monastery, encouraged the renovation works. After comprehensive reconstruction, the appearance of the monastery buildings began to resemble the interior of palaces. The walls were painted in bright colors, decorated with gilded stucco works, and the interiors were lavishly decorated. Inside the monastery, white stone paths appeared, as well as a walkway decorated with wrought iron grills. An obelisk with medallions narrating the history of the monastery was built on the main square.

Cathedral of the Assumption and Other Buildings at Trinity Monastery of St. Sergius

The Cathedral of the Assumption has a navy blue dome with golden stars. It was built in 1585 with money donated by Ivan the Terrible after he became overcome with guilt over the killing of his son. Outside the west door is the burial place of Boris Godunov. Other building include the Refectory Church of St. Sergius, with it "wallpaper" painting; the Church of the Descent of the Holy Spirit, with a belltowers under the dome; the tsar's chambers; a treasury full of jewel-covered vestments, gold chalices and tapestries; and an art museum with 14th century paintings and icons and folk art. It is possible to walk on part of the walls. There is a good view from Kalichya Tower. The theological seminary today is working overtime to prepare priests in a land that has has awaken from atheism with a hunger for religion. The Museum of Russian Toys feature an exhibit of the famous Russian Matrioshka nesting dolls.

According to UNESCO: “After the Upheaval of the 17th century a large-scale building programme was launched. At this time new buildings were erected in the northwestern part of the monastery, including infirmaries topped with a tented church dedicated to Saints Zosima and Sawatiy of Solovki (1635-1637). Few such churches are still preserved, so this tented church with a unique tiled roof is an important contribution to the Lavra. [Source: UNESCO]

“In the late 17th century a number of new buildings in Naryshkin (Moscow) Baroque style were added to the monastery. Following a devastating fire in 1746, when most of the wooden buildings and structures were destroyed, a major reconstruction campaign was launched, during which the appearance of many of the buildings was changed to a more monumental style. At this time one of the tallest Russian belfries (88 meters high) was built.

“In the late 18th century, when many church lands were secularized, the chaotic planning of the settlements and suburbs around the monastery was replaced by a regular layout of the streets and quarters. The town of Sergiev Posad was surrounded by traditional ramparts and walls. In the vicinity of the monastery a number of buildings belonging to it were erected: a stable yard, hotels, a hospice, a poorhouse, as well as visitor and merchant houses. Major highways leading to the monastery were straightened and marked by establishing entry squares, the overall urban development being oriented towards the centerpiece - the Ensemble of the Trinity Sergius Lavra.

“The Parish churches situated within the territory of Sergiev Posad, which were originally wooden and later rebuilt in stone, formed a ring of domes echoing those of Lavra. Being smaller and located apart from other buildings, they only emphasize more the supremacy of the Lavra. Thus, the Architectural Ensemble of the Trinity Sergius Lavra includes both buildings and constructions inside the wall and a complex of buildings near the monastery. It represents the key element of town-planning of Sergiev Posad.”

Palekh (340 kilometers northeast of Moscow, 60 kilometers east of Ivanovo and 160 kilometers northeast of Vladimir) is a village near the Volga River regarded as the home of the best icon painters in Russia. Icons, lacquer boxes and miniatures from Palekh can sell for thousands of dollars. They are so famous in fact that art markets in Europe and the United States have been flooded with fake Palekh art. Most of the visitors come to the town as part of arranged tours.

Modern Palekh is a quiet artisan town with about 5,000 residents, one in eight of whom is an artist. Part of the Golden Ring of Russia, the town is well today for its lacquer miniatures. The style is instantly recognizable: it is always paintings on a black varnished surface in red, yellow, green, and, gold.

The Palekh style began to form in the 17th century and flourished through iconography. Local artists were invited to royal workshops. Palekh icon painting reached its peak in 18th and beginning of 19th century. Palekh icon making was complex and often carried out by a single artist or small group of artists. The process was not divided into smaller operations as was the case with mass-produced icon making.

The Palekh icon painters were not monks, but peasants. A close link with people's way of life — their work, holidays, customs festivals and folklore — was expressed in the lyrical lines, elegant of silhouettes, fluidity of the images and harmony of coloration found in their art. Palekh families such as Parilovs, Salautins, Korovaykovs, Kaurtsevs, Khokhlovs and Butorins worked in tsarist-era icon workshops. Each of them had a recognizable style while adhering to the canon established by the Church and its own specific congenial style.

After the October Revolution, artists were forced to look for new ways to realize their creative potential, especially after 1924, when the biblical themes were banned. In 1918 they was created Palekh art decorative gang which was specialized in painting on wood and molded paper. Palekh artists began painting boxes and creating miniatures, bringing worldwide fame to town of these creations. In 1924, “The Guild of Old Painting” comprising former masters of icon painting was organized in Palekh.

The father of Palekh lacquer miniatures was a former house painter named Ivan Golikov (1883-1937). Craftsmen developed a way to transferring traditional Old Russian icon painting technique with tempera to the new material (paper mache). Later the guild was renamed to the Association of Palekh artists, and after the war formed Palekh artistic production workshops of the Art Fund of the USSR. Today, the folk art of the Palekh land is primarily represented in wonderful works of the Palekh miniature lacquer painting and revived icon painting.

Palekh Sights

The Cathedral of the Raising of the Cross contains lovely 14th to 19th-century icons and frescos and has been transformed from a museum into a working church since the break up of the Soviet Union. A good collection of icons and frescoes can also be seen in the National Museum of Palekh Art. Icons and boxes are sold at local shops.

The State Museum of Palekh Art (website /muzei-paleh.ru) includes the Museum of Lacquer Miniature and Graphic Art, the Museum of Iconography, as well as house-museums of the masters I. Golikov, N. Zinoviev, N. Dydykin, and P. Korin. An entrance ticket to all these is 200 rubles for an adult; 100 rubles for students, schoolchildren, and pensioners.

The museum contains the best works of Palekh. The initial collection of old Russian painting was created by the department of pre-revolutionary Palekh Art in the 1930s and included Palekh icons from the 17th-20th centuries as well as objects of folk arts and crafts (copper and silver salaries, copper casting, spinning wheel, textiles, wood carving). In 2014 a unique collection of 14th-20th century icons was placed the new exposition and exhibition center of the museum.

House-Museum Golikova was opened in 1968. Ivan Golikov (1887-1937) is one of the founders Palekh lacquer miniatures and this house-museum is in his house, which was built in 1928 and is preserved in its original form. The museum exposition consists of the memorial room, where personal belongings of the artist, as well as the historical part, which tells about the creation of the Artel of ancient painting in Palekh and photographs of old Palekh. House II Golikova has a collection of Palekh lacquer miniatures and Palekh boxes and shows how they are made.

House-Museum of P.D, Corina opened in 1974. Corina was famed artist who won Lenin and State Prizes. All the things in the museum genuine. The house was built in the late 1860s-early 1870s and is one of the oldest wooden structures in Palekh.. The museum has a unique collection of icons, graphics icon painting and Western prints, There are works by Corina and his father and brothers. Among the prized works are "A Branch of Mountain Ash", "Palekh Is Based" and "Landscape with Pines".

Art workshop "Palekh Style" in a picturesque corner of Palekh near the center of the village gives the opportunity to get acquainted with the secrets of painting and art Russian lacquer. Guests can watch the process of creating or writing lacquer miniature icons. At the end of the tour you can buy ready-made work in the Art Salon at the studio and make a beautiful souvenir photo in the museum.

Center of Russian folk art is housed in two old mansions. The Center has 16 studios, including "Toy", "Clay toy," Painting on wood "," Art bark "," patchwork "," Beading "," Art Straws "," carving "," Lace " "Hand weaving". Everyone is welcome to meet with craftsmen in the studios and workshops, where under the guidance of professionals, children and adults can take craft classes.

Image Sources: Wikimedia Commons

Text Sources: Federal Agency for Tourism of the Russian Federation (official Russia tourism website russiatourism.ru ), Russian government websites, UNESCO, Wikipedia, Lonely Planet guides, New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, National Geographic, The New Yorker, Bloomberg, Reuters, Associated Press, AFP, Yomiuri Shimbun and various books and other publications.

Updated in September 2020

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